cmd1|cmd2 | pipe; takes the standard output of cmd1 as standard input to cmd2 |
> file | directs standard output to file |
< file | takes standard input from the file |
>> file | directs standard output to file; append to file if it already exists |
>|file | forces standard output to file even if noclobber is set |
n>|file | forces output to file from file descriptor n even if noclobber is set |
<> file | uses file as both standard input and standard output |
n<>file | uses file as both input and output for file descriptor n |
<<label | here-document |
n>file | directs file descriptor n to file |
n<file | takes file descriptor n from file |
n>>file | directs file description n to file; append to file if it already exists |
n>& | duplicates standard output to file descriptor n |
n<& | duplicates standard input from file descriptor n |
n>&m | file descriptor n is made to be a copy of the output file descriptor |
n<&m | file descriptor n is made to be a copy of the input file descriptor |
&>file | directs standard output and standard error to file |
<&- | closes the standard input |
>&- | closes the standard output |
n>&- | closes the output from file descriptor n |
n<&- | closes the input from file descriptor n |