# List all files in a long listing (detailed) format
ls -al
# Display the present working directory
pwd
# Create a directory
mkdir directory
# Create file1
touch file1
# Concatenate files and output
cat file1 file2
# View and paginate file1
less file1
# Get type of file1
file file1
# Remove/ delete file
rm file
# Remove the directory and its contents recursively
rm -r directory
# Force removal of file without prompting for confirmation
rm -f file
# Forcefully remove directory recursively
rm -rf directory
# Copy file1 to file2
cp file1 file2
# Rename or move file1 to file2
mv file1 file2
# Create symbolic link to linkname
ln -s /path/to/file linkname
# Create an empty file or update the access and modification times of file1.
touch file1
# Show first 10 lines of file1
head file1
# Show last 10 lines of file1
tail file1
# Output last lines of file1 as it changes
tail -F file1